Marc R. Blackman, MD; John D. Sorkin, MD, PhD; Thomas Münzer, MD; Michele F. Bellantoni, MD; Jan Busby-Whitehead, MD; Thomas E. Stevens, MD; Jocelyn Jayme, MD; Kieran G. O'Connor, MD; Colleen Christmas, MD; Jordan D. Tobin, MD; Kerry J. Stewart, EdD; Ernest Cottrell, BS; Carol St. Clair, MS; Katharine M. Pabst, CRNP, MPH; S. Mitchell Harman, MD, PhD

JAMA. 2002;288:2282-2292.

ABSTRACT

Context Hormone administration to elderly individuals can increase lean body mass (LBM) and decrease fat, but interactive effects of growth hormone (GH) and sex steroids and their influence on strength and endurance are unknown.

Objective To evaluate the effects of recombinant human GH and/or sex steroids on body composition, strength, endurance, and adverse outcomes in aged persons.

Design, Setting, and Participants A 26-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group trial in healthy, ambulatory, community-dwelling US women (n = 57) and men (n = 74) aged 65 to 88 years recruited between June 1992 and July 1998.

Interventions Participants were randomized to receive GH (starting dose, 30 µg/kg, reduced to 20 µg/kg, subcutaneously 3 times/wk) + sex steroids (women: transdermal estradiol, 100 µg/d, plus oral medroxyprogesterone acetate, 10 mg/d, during the last 10 days of each 28-day cycle [HRT]; men: testosterone enanthate, biweekly intramuscular injections of 100 mg) (n = 35); GH + placebo sex steroid (n = 30); sex steroid + placebo GH (n = 35); or placebo GH + placebo sex steroid (n = 31) in a 2 x 2 factorial design.

Main Outcome Measures Lean body mass, fat mass, muscle strength, maximum oxygen uptake (O2max) during treadmill test, and adverse effects.

Results In women, LBM increased by 0.4 kg with placebo, 1.2 kg with HRT (P = .09), 1.0 kg with GH (P = .001), and 2.1 kg with GH + HRT (P<.001). Fat mass decreased significantly in the GH and GH + HRT groups. In men, LBM increased by 0.1 kg with placebo, 1.4 kg with testosterone (P = .06), 3.1 kg with GH (P<.001), and 4.3 kg with GH + testosterone (P<.001). Fat mass decreased significantly with GH and GH + testosterone. Women's strength decreased in the placebo group and increased nonsignificantly with HRT (P = .09), GH (P = .29), and GH + HRT (P = .14). Men's strength also did not increase significantly except for a marginally significant increase of 13.5 kg with GH + testosterone (P = .05). Women's O2max declined by 0.4 mL/min/kg in the placebo and HRT groups but increased with GH (P = .07) and GH + HRT (P = .06). Men's O2max declined by 1.2 mL/min/kg with placebo and by 0.4 mL/min/kg with testosterone (P = .49) but increased with GH (P = .11) and with GH + testosterone (P<.001). Changes in strength (r = 0.355; P<.001) and in O2max (r = 0.320; P = .002) were directly related to changes in LBM. Edema was significantly more common in women taking GH (39% vs 0%) and GH + HRT (38% vs 0%). Carpal tunnel symptoms were more common in men taking GH + testosterone (32% vs 0%) and arthralgias were more common in men taking GH (41% vs 0%). Diabetes or glucose intolerance occurred in 18 GH-treated men vs 7 not receiving GH (P = .006).

Conclusions In this study, GH with or without sex steroids in healthy, aged women and men increased LBM and decreased fat mass. Sex steroid + GH increased muscle strength marginally and O2max in men, but women had no significant change in strength or cardiovascular endurance. Because adverse effects were frequent (importantly, diabetes and glucose intolerance), GH interventions in the elderly should be confined to controlled studies.